Florence/Pisa (Livorno), Italy

The cruise port at Livorno is industrial, and large ships typically dock away from the terminal building itself — walking off the ship does not put you in a walkable town; a free or paid shuttle bus is required just to reach the terminal/town exit (Livorno Centrale station is about 3km/15 min by taxi from the port). From there, trains to Pisa take roughly 15-20 minutes; trains to Florence take roughly 90 minutes each way. Given a typical 8-10 hour port day, Pisa is comfortably manageable independently; Florence is realistic but leaves a much narrower buffer once transfer and shuttle time are factored in — many travelers who want Florence specifically choose an organized transfer or excursion precisely to protect that buffer, rather than because the train itself is unreliable.